Computers
Computers are not the fact of life computers have created a very useful information system to help streamline the management of an organization.
This made it a much needed and useful tool for every business, banking, government, entertainment in daily life, industry, education, and administration.
Today most rich organization usually has one or more large computers systems and several microcomputers.
The system is an excellent computer for data processing tasks while many small microcomputers to use as word processing computer has become a part of our life and is essential.
Role of Computer in Different Areas
Role of the Computer in Business
The use of computers among maximum practice in the field of business. In fact, small businesses also use computers as they are now very cheap and always been an efficient option.
Business organizations now have several facts, topics, and a lot of numbers to be processed, so many businesses have started using the computer.
The use of computers and office equipment to assist other managers, clerks, and the management of office automation mentioned.
Besides, local business organizations to use computers to create, save, and send envoys to a particular place.
The advantages of using computers in this area, clearly it is significant in a business organization.
It is a type of electronic method that enables us to produce and edit letters, reports, documents, and other than work in a few seconds to type manually.
Many of the offices use that to produce standard letters, such as payment of the balance, invitations, and much more.
Besides, local business organizations to use computers to create, save, and send envoys to a particular place.
The advantages of using a computer in this field are beneficial and essential clearly, and it is essential in a business organization.
Role of Computers in the Bank and Financial Offices
In this banking processing data involved saving accounts, fixed deposits, loans, investments, profitability analysis, and so on are among the organization operated budget.
The major issues here are standard and recurrent.
The financial field is the first user who is aware of the importance of computers to save time.
Use of computers in the Financial Institutions including electronic fund transfer activities, for example, a bank has a terminal in each branch in the country and also in supermarkets, petrol stations, schools, factories, homes, hotels, and so on.
It also became easy to pay for the purchase in supermarkets, hotels and gas stations.
And another better facility for this category is Electronic money transfer; it is referred to as the electronic transfer of money, which is a very effective safe and quick method for financial transactions.
The primary purpose of using computers in the financial institution can assist in arranging the affairs of clients and provide a better service, which is more efficient in time and reduced fraud in the business transaction, which will also eliminate cash transactions involving the community to create a cashless society.
Role of Computers in Industrial Areas or Industries
Industries also got a lot to benefit from the use of computers in their department the development of a human-machine which is a Robot was and is a beneficial machine.
And a lot of computers are required to process data collected from employees, customers, sales product information, production schedules, and so on.
And it is said that computers are also used in factories to control the production process.
And nearly in a few years, it appears that the computer has a bright future or we can say that there is the bright future of industries and its development.
Role of Computers in Education
In the 21st century, the era of Science and Technology became more advanced computers had taken over the role of books which are in the stores and around us.
Computers will be the future; it will change the way we learn and the way we store knowledge.
And it will be helpful for the school-related matters such a student registration, class scheduling, processing of examination results, student’s and teacher’s storage, which will be a very effective fast and easy way for helping the administration.
Now exam results are processed by the computers.
The IPT also do the duties of office automation, processing, scientific research results and also use the computer.
It is also used in cataloging books in the libraries, also applied to use the computer.
Last but not least is used for the teaching and learning process.
And it is not before learning, but it is for both teaching and studying which may be implemented in the future as computer-assisted education on computers.
And in the future, computers will make it easy for students and teachers in teaching and learning.
Role of Computers in Medical Field
Computers are beneficial in hospitals and clinics.
It is used to store patient records, scheduling doctors, nurses, and other personnel, inventory and purchase of medicines, medical research, and medical diagnosis.
Application of computer-based equipment or the use of information technology helps the doctors to diagnose diseases quickly and being in the medical field computers are beneficial and provide solutions for complex problems too.
And the implementation of computers in medical science can help many patients like a deaf to communicate and the blind one to see.
The hospital computers also have some other uses like analyzing bacteria viruses and other infectious agents to automatically detect and identify a disease, thus enable the hospitals and laboratories to begin treatment.
And many computer machines are made to look after a particular illness of the patient like blood pressure, body temperature, ECG (Electrocardiograph). They sound a warning if something unusual happens for the significant signal.
Computers are provided with a data of standard values and different variables to make a comparison between the safe and warning zone something unusual happens to the computer, that will draw the attention of doctors and nurses by issuing a warning.
It was found that computers have a wide range of accommodation in the medical field.
Role of Computers in Legal Offices and Government Offices
The computer has been used in the legislative processes in recent years, and the use of computers in the legal offices required word processor for the preparation of documents produced weekly and monthly reports to keep diaries for the latest attorney.
The use of computers helped Lawyers at trainee lawyers and law students to find relevant data without wasting time and get better service.
The government sector is one of the largest user bases of the computer because the government has to store a lot of information about the citizens of the country’s first identity or primary services like economic planning and land development projects and computer wing in the government sector.
Use of Computer in The Tax Department And in Military
And computers are beneficial for the tax department because it has a data of service tax and income tax collection and keeping the records of the taxpayers who do it manually and can make this task a more efficient and quicker.
The computer is beneficial for the military of the country to store inventory held until the war simulation on the screen.
Computers are also used to follow the movement of the enemy in the border areas.
Traffic flow can be managed effectively by detecting the direction of the traffic using many tools of detection.
It does not only saves time but can do all things more practical.
Use of Computer in The Field of Space Research
The success of Neil Armstrong on 23rd of July 1969, the landing on the moon, is also made possible with the help of computers used to design a spacecraft, space suits for astronauts, and flying schedules.
This shows the significant use of computers in the field of space transportation.
Use of Computer for Entertainment Purpose in Daily Life
Rather than the use of computers in many different fields, it is used for entertainment in daily life.
For entertainment, purpose computers are used for playing music games, movies, etc.
And computers are also used to arrange the order of dance, music.
Computers are also beneficial in making drawings.
Nowadays, computers are used to produce cartoon films, which have grown so widely all over the world.
The latest microcomputers are used for controlling the safety of the house and control of air conditioning and lighting of the house.
Computers at home help children to learn about school subjects or educational games.
Conclusion
The Rapid development of Science and Technology has changed the pattern of life.
Now everything, processing, gathering information for any aspect of the various areas that were previously done manually, which gives a lot of risks, has to be made more effective, faster, and more practical with the application or use of information technology or computers.
Covering the use in various fields, including business financial institutions, industry, education, administration, and other areas have the desire to realize develop each country.
But the fact is that the computer had become the heart and backbone of society.
Today computers will not merely help in calculations, store information, detect a decision, but it also helps in increasing efficiency and productivity.
In 1617, the logarithm was invented by a Scotsman named John Napier. Logarithms allow multiplication to be performed using addition. In fact, Leonardo Da Vinci had several drawings for a calculator run by gears, though none ever came to fruition. The first gear driven calculator was made in 1642 by Blaise Pascal. The Pascaline was his invention, made to assist his father, who was working as a tax collector. They were crude, and slightly inaccurate, but the idea of having automated calculations done by machine was a big leap forward.
The punch card was an important part of the history of the computer. In 1801, the French Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a power loom that would read instructions from a punch card and base its weave upon the punch card’s instructions. This new technology made weaving much more easy and cost efficient, but put many loom operators into unemployment. The history of the computer is filled with such cases. A new technology that allows work to be accomplished faster has the downside of taking less workforce to complete.
In 1822, Charles Babbage proposed steam driven calculating machines that could compute vast amounts of information. The device never came to fruition. Babbage then sought out another invention, called the Analytic Engine. Babbage made a design change to Jacquard’s punch cards. He decided to put holes in the punch cards. The punched card could be used as a storage mechanism. This invention worked much like a modern computer. It had a “store” to hold data, and a “mill” to weave new threads of data. In the punch card, threads could pass through holes and those patterns could be used to represent information.
In the late 1800’s, Herman Hollerith built a company called the Tabulating Machine Company. After changing ownership several times, it became International Business Machines, also known as IBM. As IBM grew, punch card technology became more prevalent. It became essentially ubiquitous. Bills would arrive with punch cards that would have to be returned with payments. These cards would be punched to store all of the information of the individual, such as a person’s name, address, and other important information. Punch cards were used for toll booths, elections, and almost all other things in life that could or would need any form of recording.
IBM worked on mechanical calculators for accounting purposes. They could only add and subtract, and negative numbers did not exist in their calculations. The U.S. Military sought mechanical calculation capabilities during World War 2, as they needed to be able to launch shells as heavy as cars across very long distances. The military couldn’t afford to have these computations made by hand, as they wouldn’t apply to newer artillery that could come in during the war. This problem was dealt with by the Harvard Mark I. Computer. The computer was the first of its kind, as it was digital and programmable. The machine used switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches to function, and was a massive piece of equipment. At over 5 tons, the machine was 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, and had to be turned by a 5 horsepower motor. The machine used a paper tape of continuous punched information, so that dropped punch cards would not be an issue.
The term “bug,” which today means an unresolved issue in a program or piece of software, was coined by one of the programmers of the Mark I. Grace Hopper found a dead moth whose wings were blocking part of the paper tape. Hopper was a very significant figure in the history of the personal computer. The COBOL programming language was written by Hopper, and is known recently for its issue with the Y2K switch. COBOL was the first high level programming language, and it served the purpose of being more understandable to humans than the binary that the computing machinery understands. A compiler was used to translate the high level language into binary. The Mark I ran for 15 years without ever stopping.
As decades have passed, the parts that make up modern computers have gotten much smaller. In 1959, the IBM Stretch computer needed a length of 33 feet to hold its 150,000 transistors. In the early 1980’s, that same number of transistors could be placed on a single integrated circuit. The Pentium 4 processor contains 42,000,000 transistors in a single chip that is smaller than a quarter. The very first all digital computer was built in 1941 by J.V. Atanasoff at Iowa State University. The computer stored data as a charge, much like today’s computers.
The true forefather of modern computing, though, is ENIAC. The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. It was built at the University of Pennsylvania from 1943 to 1945 by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. ENIAC was of an incredible scale. Its footprint required a 20 by 40 foot room. It weighed in at 30 tons, and it needed more than 18,000 vacuum tubes. ENIAC used used paper cards from IBM. ENIAC could be reprogrammed using patch cords and switches. ENIAC was funded by the military, but Mauchly and Eckert staffed junior members of the University to avoid employing the aid of skeptics.
The big concern with ENIAC was that there was seemingly no way that 18,000 vacuum tubes could work together. Even television sets with as little as 30 tubes could often have problems. Eckert found a way to make the tubes work properly, though, through very careful circuit design. The ENIAC was several times faster than the Mark I. ENIAC cost the U.S. Military $500,000 to build, and its very first project was to determine the feasibility of the hydrogen bomb. ENIAC’s calculations determined it was, and the project is still classified to this day.
ENIAC had one major problem in the eyes of the military. Although they felt it was well worth the cost of development, the method of reprogramming it was quite tedious. It took days to change the ENIAC’s program. Eckert and Mauchly worked with mathemetician John von Neumann to build ENIAC’s replacement, EDVAC. EDVAC stored programs electronically as data. Once a computer could have its programs represented electronically, programs could be rewritten as fast as a computer could calculate it. Programs could modify themselves while running, which was a first. Programs could now fail in the case of faulty logic. If a program modifies itself in a way that causes the program to fail, it will crash. Two modern examples are the “blue screen of death,” in Microsoft’s Windows operating system and the “kernel-panic,” in Apple’s Macintosh operating system.
By the 1960’s IBM was the most powerful computer seller in the world, and had a level of dominance that was untouchable to its seven low-sales competitors. From 1969 to 1982, IBM was fighting anti-trust proceedings from the federal government, as the government felt that IBM was actively preventing the growth of its competitors. The reason that they were able to stop the growth of their competitors was their hiring of the software development firm known as Microsoft. Their contract with Microsoft was exclusive, and thus, IBM did not have to spend money on the development of its software. It only had to pay Microsoft for the terms of the contract. Competing companies could not compete with Microsoft’s software platform, and no company has even come close to meeting Microsoft’s software quality in the eyes of the general public until Apple in the early 2000’s.
IBM’s deal with Microsoft allowed Microsoft to control the software market around the world, and their operating system has been the most widely used in the world since its conception, currently encapsulating 90% of all computer users worldwide. Because of that contract with IBM, Microsoft was able to mold the entire software industry in such a way that hardware companies needed their software to be able to compete.
Today, the world of computing continues to change. Personal computing is a very powerful form of media technology, as it is all around us. It is continuing to change so rapidly, as the average consumer has access to the tools and education for programming. Companies spend millions of dollars developing software that is supposed to be secure from software piracy, yet consumers find ways to hack software so that they can use it for free. The Linux advocates are the best example of the future of personal computing. The many versions of Linux are developed by the community and distributed for free. Both Apple and Microsoft have learned from this, and made major overhauls in their most recent operating systems specifically to meet and exceed the demands of their consumers.
Computers are essential in the medical field too as it helps keep records, take the X rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and others. They are also used while monitoring the patients admitted to any hospital, and keeping a check on them quickly and efficiently. Computers help the experts for space exploration programs and design the satellites that support the World to track various outer space activities. To create the spacecraft, control any mission, or gather the records of multiple bodies of outer space, computers are widely preferred.
Furthermore, computers are also useful in serving various purposes in the defence sector. They help maintain the weapons like missiles and control them while attacking any target to lower the chances of misses and wrong actions. Computers are thus very crucial and helpful to serve the purposes of saving human lives. Apart from these, computers are useful in finance matters in keeping the records of various transactions and making them more secure and reliable. They help serve the purposes that humans alone cannot and thus automate multiple tasks of modern lives.
Currently, imagining a world without computers and accomplishing any task without their assistance is impossible since they have marked their territories in almost all the fields and sectors to serve a wide range of purposes and satisfy an extensive array of needs.Usage of computer in businesses:
Computers are widely used machine for the businesses of both small and larger scale. Computers are often used in smaller businesses due to being a cheaper form of microcomputers. Since the companies every day have a lot of data to handle, computers ease the task for them more securely and reliably. Furthermore, it also gives a pace to the entire task, like the salary calculation, database management, and others. Computers also automate the task of assisting the staff and helping them to accomplish their daily tasks. Not only in the local businesses but the top MNCs across the Globe also make use of computers in an extensive rate, in fact, a few of them do not have any task that can be achieved without the use of the computers.
Usage of computers in finance and banking:
In the banking and finance sector, computers are used for data handling and processing for the customers’ savings accounts, loan-related matters, investments, interest collection, and various other factors. Banking sector effectively uses the computer systems to operate on the budges. Finance related matters are accomplished in lesser time with higher effectiveness using the computers. Furthermore, when using computers, transactions and other financial issues are handled more securely and reliably.
Usage of computers in education:
In the current era of science and technology becoming more advanced with each passing day, computers are even capable of replacing the books for knowledge gathering and learning. Smart classes are already a preferred mode of education in various institutions, and these are only possible because of the computers. The computers can completely change the way we study and are taught in the institutes and schools. Computers also help educational institutions handle various matters related to students’ fee, staff’s payments, and even in calculating results of the students quickly and efficiently. Furthermore, managing the books’ list in the libraries and other institutes’ records also gets easier using computers.
Usage of computers in the medical sector:
Various medical organisations and institute use computers to handle the patients’ data and records, schedule the doctors and nurses, handle personal histories of the patients, etc. Computers are also used for monitoring the heart rate and blood pressure of the hospitalised patients, and while doing the X-rays, CT scan, MRI scan, and other tests. Use of computers in the medical field is also helpful in diagnosing some complex diseases and disorders. Most of the machines of medical purposes make use of computers in one way or the other.
Usage of computers in the legal sector:
Computers serve various purposes in the legislative processes. The most prominent use of the computers in preparing various legal documents, sending emails related to court hearings and court notices for any case, and others. Furthermore, the legislative sector’s computers also contain previous records of the criminals, thus helping the staff to use it whenever required and accessing it in no more than a second.
Usage of computers in government:
Computer usage is at a broader rate in the government sector for practising and implementing various administrative matters. Data collection and retrieval gets more comfortable using computers in this field. Computers also help the government in taxation matters and ease the entire task. Keeping a record of various things eases up too, utilising the machine in the sector. In various governmental organisations too, the role of the computer is rising rapidly for multiple purposes.
Usage of computers for entertainment:
Computers have become a fantastic source of recreation and entertainment in the modern-day. They are used to watch movies, play games, listen to music, or learn any matter if interest in an efficient manner. Computer parts are designed specially to coordinate with the required movements for all these purposes and serve the users best. Computers can now also analyse the images and help draw, do artwork, and other things of interest.
Computer usage in daily lives:
Computers are used in the daily lives for serving various needs. It also makes people’s lives more modern and fascinating and eases the day-to-day activities for them.
